Nanomaterials - An Introduction to Synthesis, Properties and Applications
von: Dieter Vollath
Wiley-VCH, 2013
ISBN: 9783527671861
Sprache: Englisch
387 Seiten, Download: 13113 KB
Format: EPUB, Online-Lesen, PDF
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| Nanomaterials: An Introduction to Synthesis, Properties, and Applications | 1 | ||
| Contents | 7 | ||
| Preface | 11 | ||
| 1 Nanomaterials: An Introduction | 13 | ||
| 2 Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites | 17 | ||
| 2.1 Introduction | 17 | ||
| 2.2 Elementary Consequences of Small Particle Size | 24 | ||
| 2.2.1 Surface of Nanoparticles | 24 | ||
| 2.2.2 Thermal Phenomena | 25 | ||
| 2.2.3 Diffusion Scaling Law | 26 | ||
| 2.2.4 Scaling of Vibrations | 32 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| 3 Surfaces in Nanomaterials | 35 | ||
| 3.1 General Considerations | 35 | ||
| 3.2 Surface Energy | 37 | ||
| 3.3 Some Technical Consequences of Surface Energy | 48 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| 4 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles | 57 | ||
| 4.1 Fundamental Considerations | 57 | ||
| 4.2 Inert Gas Condensation Process | 68 | ||
| 4.3 Physical and Chemical Vapor Synthesis Processes | 69 | ||
| 4.4 Laser Ablation Process | 72 | ||
| 4.5 Radio- and Microwave Plasma Processes | 76 | ||
| 4.6 Flame Aerosol Process | 84 | ||
| 4.7 Synthesis of Coated Particles | 94 | ||
| References | 99 | ||
| 5 Nanotubes, Nanorods, and Nanoplates | 101 | ||
| 5.1 General Considerations | 101 | ||
| 5.1.1 Conditions for the Formation of Rods and Plates | 105 | ||
| 5.1.2 Layered Structures | 106 | ||
| 5.1.3 One-Dimensional Crystals | 107 | ||
| 5.2 Nanostructures Related to Compounds with Layered Structures | 110 | ||
| 5.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene | 110 | ||
| 5.2.2 Nanotubes and Nanorods from Materials other than Carbon | 121 | ||
| 5.2.3 Synthesis of Nanotubes and Nanorods | 125 | ||
| References | 132 | ||
| 6 Nanofluids | 135 | ||
| 6.1 Definition | 135 | ||
| 6.2 Nanofluids for Improved Heat Transfer | 135 | ||
| 6.3 Ferrofluids | 139 | ||
| 6.3.1 General Considerations | 139 | ||
| 6.3.2 Properties of Ferrofluids | 139 | ||
| 6.3.3 Applications of Ferrofluids | 141 | ||
| References | 145 | ||
| 7 Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles | 147 | ||
| 7.1 Thermodynamics of Nanoparticles | 147 | ||
| 7.2 Heat Capacity of Nanoparticles | 148 | ||
| 7.3 Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles | 151 | ||
| 7.4 Phase Transformation and Coagulation | 160 | ||
| 7.5 Structures of Nanoparticles | 161 | ||
| 7.6 A Closer Look at Nanoparticle Melting | 165 | ||
| 7.7 Structural Fluctuations | 171 | ||
| References | 177 | ||
| 8 Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles | 179 | ||
| 8.1 Magnetic Materials | 179 | ||
| 8.2 Superparamagnetic Materials | 183 | ||
| 8.3 Susceptibility and Related Phenomena in Superparamagnets | 196 | ||
| 8.4 Applications of Superparamagnetic Materials | 203 | ||
| 8.5 Exchange-Coupled Magnetic Nanoparticles | 208 | ||
| References | 215 | ||
| 9 Optical Properties of Nanoparticles | 217 | ||
| 9.1 General Remarks | 217 | ||
| 9.2 Adjustment of the Index of Refraction | 217 | ||
| 9.3 Optical Properties Related to Quantum Confinement | 221 | ||
| 9.4 Quantum Dots and Other Lumophores | 235 | ||
| 9.5 Metallic and Semiconducting Nanoparticles Isolated and in Transparent Matrices | 243 | ||
| 9.6 Special Luminescent Nanocomposites | 255 | ||
| 9.7 Electroluminescence | 262 | ||
| 9.8 Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials | 269 | ||
| 9.8.1 General Considerations | 269 | ||
| 9.8.2 Photochromic Materials | 269 | ||
| 9.8.3 Electrochromic Materials | 271 | ||
| 9.9 Materials for Combined Magnetic and Optic Applications | 273 | ||
| References | 279 | ||
| 10 Electrical Properties of Nanoparticles | 281 | ||
| 10.1 Fundamentals of Electrical Conductivity in Nanotubes and Nanorods | 281 | ||
| 10.2 Nanotubes | 290 | ||
| 10.3 Photoconductivity of Nanorods | 296 | ||
| 10.4 Electrical Conductivity of Nanocomposites | 300 | ||
| References | 308 | ||
| 11 Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticles | 311 | ||
| 11.1 General Considerations | 311 | ||
| 11.2 Bulk Metallic and Ceramic Materials | 314 | ||
| 11.2.1 Influence of Porosity | 314 | ||
| 11.2.2 Influence of Grain Size | 316 | ||
| 11.2.3 Superplasticity | 329 | ||
| 11.3 Filled Polymer Composites | 331 | ||
| 11.3.1 Particle-Filled Polymers | 331 | ||
| 11.3.2 Polymer-Based Nanocomposites Filled with Platelets | 335 | ||
| 11.3.3 Carbon Nanotube- and Graphene-Based Composites | 341 | ||
| References | 345 | ||
| 12 Characterization of Nanomaterials | 347 | ||
| 12.1 General Remarks | 347 | ||
| 12.2 Global Methods for Characterization | 347 | ||
| 12.2.1 Specific Surface Area | 347 | ||
| 12.3 X-Ray and Electron Diffraction | 353 | ||
| 12.4 Electron Microscopy | 361 | ||
| 12.4.1 General Considerations | 361 | ||
| 12.4.2 Interaction of the Electron Beam and Specimen | 365 | ||
| 12.4.3 Localized Chemical Analysis in the Electron Microscope | 370 | ||
| 12.4.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Using a High-Angle Annular Dark-Field Detector | 377 | ||
| References | 379 | ||
| Index | 381 |